A Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate natural enemies' movements between hedgerow and apple orchard based on immunological marking.
Manon Lefebvre  1, 2, *@  , Julien Papaïx  3, *@  , Gregory Mollot  4@  , Pauline Deschodt  5@  , Claire Lavigne  2, *@  , Jean-Michel Ricard  1@  , Pierre Franck  2, *@  
1 : Ctifl - Centre de Balandran  (Ctifl - Centre de Balandran)  -  Website
Université de Franche-Comté
751, Chemin de Balandran 30127 BELLEGARDE -  France
2 : Unité de recherche Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles  (PSH)  -  Website
Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA) : UR1115
Domaine St Paul, Site Agroparc, 84941 Avignon Cedex 9, France -  France
3 : INRA - Biostatistique et Processus Spatiaux  (BioSP)
Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - INRA
Domaine St Paul, Site Agroparc, 84941 Avignon Cedex 9, France -  France
4 : Centre d'écologie fonctionnelle et évolutive  (CEFE)  -  Website
CNRS : UMR5175, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et techniques, Université Montpellier I, Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, École Pratique des Hautes Études [EPHE]
Campus CNRS - 1919 route de Mende - 34293 Montpellier cedex 5 -  France
5 : Simon Fraser University  (SFU.ca)  -  Website
8888 University Drive, Burnaby, B.C. Canada V5A 1S6 -  Canada
* : Corresponding author

Hedgerows are agro-ecological infrastructures assumed to favor natural enemies, but movement of arthropods from hedgerows to crops remains poorly understood. Such movements were analyzed in spring in 11 commercial apple orchards whose hedgerows were sprayed with egg white to mark arthropods. Canopy and ground arthropods were captured by beating and pitfall traps within the orchards and the hedgerows three times within the 13 days following the spraying. Arthropods' marking was assessed with ELISA: 18% of the 1272 captured arthropods were marked by the egg protein. Abundant predators captured included canopy spiders, lacewigs and earwigs; ground spiders and carabid beetles. The location (hedgerow or orchard) and the date of capture of marked and unmarked arthropods were analyzed using a Bayesian hierarchical model in order to estimate habitat preference and frequency of movements between the two habitats. The model included covariates describing orchard management and hedgerow composition and structure. Frequent bi-directional spillover between the hedgerow and the orchard were found for some canopy arthropods (among which spiders and lacewings) while other canopy arthropods (one spider and earwigs) preferred the hedgerow to the orchard and showed little spillover from the hedgerow to the orchard. Further, for these latter taxa, the amount of spillover depended on hedgerow and orchard characteristics. The most abundant ground spider and carabid beetle preferred the orchard habitat. These results indicate that hedgerows should be preserved along orchards since they act as a complementary habitat for many canopy arthropods that are predators of orchard pests.


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